Medication management and reporting technology

ABSTRACT

Medication management and reporting technology, in which output from at least one sensor configured to sense physical activity in a building in which medication of a patient is located is monitored and a determination is made to capture one or more images of the medication based on the monitoring. A camera is used to capture an image of the medication and the captured image is analyzed to detect a state of the medication. Information regarding a schedule by which the medication should be taken by the patient is accessed and an expected state of the medication is determined. The detected state is compared with the expected state and a determination is made that the patient has departed from the schedule based on the comparison revealing that the detected state does not match the expected state. A message indicating the departure from the schedule is sent based on the determination.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation (and claims the benefit of priorityunder 35 USC 120) of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/439,703, filed Apr. 4,2012, now allowed, which claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 61/471,355, filed Apr. 4, 2011. Both of these priorapplications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety forall purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to medication management and reportingtechnology.

BACKGROUND

Medication compliance, the adherence to clinically prescribedinstructions of medication dosage and timing, is important for healthand wellness. A host of factors can affect medication compliance,including but not limited to: confusion, forgetfulness, physicallimitations, real or perceived side-effects, and medication availability(e.g., due to lack of refills). A decrease in compliance can haveserious consequences for an individual, such as onset or exacerbation ofillness and possible death. In the senescent population, for whomphysical and mental disability are the most prevalent, resultant poormedication compliance can hasten the need for managed care—anundesirable outcome for independent living. Therefore, effectivemedication management and reporting is useful for both those receivingcare and those giving care.

Care recipients and caregivers are often separated by distance or bytime (e.g., because of incompatible schedules). Despite the bestintentions of the most diligent caregivers, it is often difficult toremind and manage medication routines in person, at all times throughoutthe day. Moreover, such diligent oversight can be perceived asburdensome or obtrusive to those receiving care. Thus, many caregiverslack complete awareness about the medication routines of those they carefor, and consequently, are unable to provide necessary assistance whencompliance issues arise.

SUMMARY

Techniques are described for medication management and reportingtechnology. In one aspect, a method includes monitoring output from atleast one sensor configured to sense physical activity in a building inwhich medication of a patient is located and, based on the monitoring ofoutput from the at least one sensor, determining to collect additionalinformation regarding the medication. The additional information isdifferent than output from the at least one sensor. The method alsoincludes collecting the additional information regarding the medicationbased on the determination to collect the additional informationregarding the medication and analyzing the additional informationcollected to detect a state of the medication at a time of collectingthe additional information. The method further includes accessinginformation regarding a schedule by which the medication should be takenby the patient and, based on the accessed information regarding theschedule, determining an expected state of the medication at the time ofcollecting the additional information that complies with the schedule bywhich the medication should be taken by the patient. In addition, themethod includes comparing the detected state of the medication with theexpected state of the medication that complies with the schedule and,based on the comparison revealing that the detected state of themedication does not match the expected state of the medication,determining that the patient has departed from the schedule. Based onthe determination that the patient has departed from the schedule, aprocessing device handles the departure from the schedule.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Forexample, the method may include monitoring output of a motion sensorconfigured to detect motion in a room in which the medication islocated, detecting motion in the room in which the medication is locatedbased on the output of the motion sensor, and determining to collectadditional information regarding the medication based on the detectionof motion in the room in which the medication is located. The methodalso may include determining, based on the comparison of the detectedstate of the medication with the expected state of the medication, adegree of the departure from the schedule, determining a destination fora message indicating the departure from the schedule based on thedetermined degree of departure, and sending the message indicating thedeparture from the schedule to the determined destination.

In some implementations, the method may include determining to captureone or more images of the medication and capturing, with a camerapositioned to include the medication within a field of view of thecamera, an image of the medication. In these implementations, the methodmay include analyzing the captured image of the medication to detect astate of the medication at a time of capturing the image and determiningan expected state of the medication at the time of capturing the imagethat complies with the schedule by which the medication should be takenby the patient.

The medication may be contained in a divided tray and the method mayinclude analyzing the captured image of the medication to detectpositions of the medication within the divided tray. The method also mayinclude determining, based on the accessed information regarding theschedule, proper positions for the medication within the divided tray atthe time of capturing the image that comply with the schedule by whichthe medication should be taken by the patient and comparing the detectedpositions of the medication within the divided tray with the properpositions for the medication within the divided tray. The method furthermay include determining that the detected positions of the medicationwithin the divided tray do not match the proper positions for themedication within the divided tray based on the comparison of thedetected positions of the medication within the divided tray with theproper positions for the medication within the divided tray anddetermining that the patient has departed from the schedule based on thedetermination that the detected positions of the medication within thedivided tray do not match the proper positions for the medication withinthe divided tray.

In some examples, the medication is contained in one or more standardmedication bottles and the method may include analyzing the capturedimage of the medication to identify the one or more standard medicationbottles and detect positions within the captured image of the one ormore standard medication bottles. In these examples, the method mayinclude determining, based on the accessed information regarding theschedule, a proper medication bottle of the one or more standardmedication bottles with which the patient should interact at the timethe image is captured and comparing the detected positions within thecaptured image of the one or more standard medication bottles with theproper medication bottle with which the patient should interact at thetime the image is captured. Further, in these examples, the method mayinclude determining that the detected positions within the capturedimage of the one or more standard medication bottles suggest that thepatient failed to interact with the proper medication bottle based onthe comparison of the detected positions within the captured image ofthe one or more standard medication bottles with the proper medicationbottle with which the patient should interact at the time the image iscaptured and determining that the patient has departed from the schedulebased on the determination that the detected positions within thecaptured image of the one or more standard medication bottles suggestthat the patient failed to interact with the proper medication bottle.

In some implementations, the method may include determining to requestthe patient to provide additional information regarding consumption ofthe medication using a user interface device of the patient, requestingthe additional information from the patient, and determining theadditional information regarding consumption of the medication based onany response received from the user interface device of the patient. Inthese implementations, the method may include analyzing the determinedadditional information regarding consumption of the medication to detecta state of the medication at a time of requesting the additionalinformation from the patient and determining an expected state of themedication at the time of requesting the additional information from thepatient that complies with the schedule by which the medication shouldbe taken by the patient.

In some examples, the method may include monitoring activity of thepatient, comparing the monitored activity of the patient with a routineof taking medication associated with the patient, determining anexpectation that the patient will take the medication at a nextappropriate time that complies with the schedule based on the comparisonof the monitored activity of the patient with the routine of takingmedication associated with the patient, and providing a reminder to takethe medication at the next appropriate time that complies with theschedule based on determining that the patient is expected to misstaking the medication at the next appropriate time that complies withthe schedule. In these examples, the method may include withholding thereminder to take the medication at the next appropriate time andcontinuing to monitor the activity of the patient based on determiningthat the patient is expected to take the medication at the nextappropriate time that complies with the schedule.

Also, the method may include determining past medication consumptionhistory related to the patient's taking of medication in accordance withthe schedule by which the medication should be taken by the patient andcomparing the monitored activity of the patient with the past medicationconsumption history and the schedule by which the medication should betaken by the patient. Further, the method may include monitoring alocation of a mobile device used by the patient, monitoring output of atleast one motion sensor of a monitoring system that monitors thebuilding in which medication of the patient is located, and monitoringoutput of at least one contact sensor of the monitoring system thatmonitors the building in which medication of the patient is located.

In addition, the method may include providing a reminder to the patientthat includes one or more user interface controls that enable thepatient to indicate a time by which the patient expects to take themedication and receiving, based on user input provided by the patientusing the one or more user interface controls, an indication of a timeby which the patient expects to take the medication. The time by whichthe patient expects to take the medication may be after the nextappropriate time that complies with the schedule. The method also mayinclude determining that the time by which the patient expects to takethe medication is within an acceptable range from the next appropriatetime that complies with the schedule and, based on the determinationthat the time by which the patient expects to take the medication iswithin the acceptable range from the next appropriate time that complieswith the schedule, adjusting the schedule based on the indication of thetime by which the patient expects to take the medication. The methodfurther may include handling verification of consumption of themedication and alerting related to consumption of the medication basedon the adjusted schedule.

In some examples, the method may include monitoring, over time, activityof the patient during a period of time in which the patient is scheduledto take the medication, determining past activity of the patient, andanalyzing the monitored activity of the patient during the period oftime in which the patient is scheduled to take the medication withrespect to the past activity of the patient. In these examples, themethod may include determining whether an issue exists related to thepatient's taking of the medication based on the analysis of themonitored activity of the patient during the period of time in which thepatient is scheduled to take the medication with respect to the pastactivity of the patient and providing an alert based on a determinationthat an issue exists related to the patient's taking of the medication.

In some implementations, the method may include monitoring, over time,activity of the patient during a period of time in which the patient isscheduled to take the medication, determining expected activity of thepatient during the period of time in which the patient is scheduled totake the medication, and analyzing the monitored activity of the patientduring the period of time in which the patient is scheduled to take themedication with respect to the expected activity of the patient duringthe period of time in which the patient is scheduled to take themedication. In these implementations, the method may include determiningwhether an issue exists related to the patient's taking of themedication based on the analysis of the monitored activity of thepatient during the period of time in which the patient is scheduled totake the medication with respect to the expected activity of the patientduring the period of time in which the patient is scheduled to take themedication and providing an alert based on a determination that an issueexists related to the patient's taking of the medication.

The method may include monitoring, over time, activity of the patientduring a period of time in which the patient is scheduled to take themedication, determining past activity of the patient, determiningexpected activity of the patient during the period of time in which thepatient is scheduled to take the medication, and analyzing the monitoredactivity of the patient during the period of time in which the patientis scheduled to take the medication with respect to the past activity ofthe patient and the expected activity of the patient during the periodof time in which the patient is scheduled to take the medication. Themethod also may include determining whether an issue exists related tothe patient's taking of the medication based on the analysis of themonitored activity of the patient during the period of time in which thepatient is scheduled to take the medication with respect to the pastactivity of the patient and the expected activity of the patient duringthe period of time in which the patient is scheduled to take themedication and providing an alert based on a determination that an issueexists related to the patient's taking of the medication. The methodfurther may include determining whether the analysis indicates that thepatient is not taking the medication, determining whether the analysisindicates that the medication is not working as expected, anddetermining whether the analysis indicates that the medication iscausing the patient to suffer one or more side effects. In addition, themethod may include providing an alert that indicates that the patient isnot taking the medication based on a determination that the analysisindicates that the patient is not taking the medication, providing analert that indicates that the medication is not working as expectedbased on a determination that the analysis indicates that the medicationis not working as expected, and providing an alert that indicates thatthe medication is causing the patient to suffer one or more side effectsbased on a determination that the analysis indicates that the medicationis causing the patient to suffer one or more side effects.

In addition, the method may include determining past medicationconsumption history related to the patient's taking of medication inaccordance with the schedule by which the medication should be taken bythe patient and handling the departure from the schedule based on thepast medication consumption history related to the patient's taking ofmedication in accordance with the schedule. The method also may includedetermining activity of the patient and at least one caregiver afterdetermining the departure from the schedule and handling the departurefrom the schedule based on the activity of the patient and at least onecaregiver after determining the departure from the schedule.

In some implementations, the method may include determining whetheractivity exists within the building in which the medication of thepatient is located after determining the departure from the schedule. Inthese implementations, the method may include, based on a determinationthat activity does not exist within the building in which the medicationof the patient is located, providing a remote alert to a remote devicethat is located outside of the building. Also, in these implementations,the method may include, based on a determination that activity existswithin the building in which the medication of the patient is located,providing a local alert within the building and monitoring for aconfirmation in response to the local alert. The confirmation mayindicate that the departure from the schedule is being handled. Further,in these implementations, the method may include, based on monitoringfor the confirmation, determining that the confirmation has not beenreceived within a threshold amount of time after providing the localalert and escalating the local alert to the remote alert to the remotedevice that is located outside of the building based on thedetermination that the confirmation has not been received within thethreshold amount of time after providing the local alert.

In some examples, the method may include determining, based on thecomparison of the detected state of the medication with the expectedstate of the medication, a degree of the departure from the schedule anddetermining past medication consumption history related to the patient'staking of medication in accordance with the schedule by which themedication should be taken by the patient. In these examples, the methodmay include determining activity of the patient and at least onecaregiver after determining the departure from the schedule and handlingthe departure from the schedule based on the determined degree of thedeparture from the schedule, the past medication consumption historyrelated to the patient's taking of medication in accordance with theschedule, and the activity of the patient and at least one caregiverafter determining the departure from the schedule.

Implementations of the described techniques may include hardware, amethod or process implemented at least partially in hardware, or acomputer-readable storage medium encoded with executable instructionsthat, when executed by a processor, perform operations.

The details of one or more implementations are set forth in theaccompanying drawings and the description below. Other features will beapparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A to 1D are diagrams of an example implementation.

FIGS. 2 to 5 and 10 illustrate example systems.

FIGS. 6, 7, 9, 11, and 13 are flow charts illustrating exampleprocesses.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example reminder interface.

FIG. 12 illustrates example alert interfaces.

FIG. 14 illustrates an example data structure used in providing alerts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Techniques are described for addressing the aforementioned medicationmanagement and reporting challenges. FIGS. 1A to 1D illustrate anexample implementation of medication management and reporting. As shownin FIG. 1A, a home 10 of a person 20 is monitored by a monitoring system(e.g., a home security system). The monitoring system includes a controlpanel 30 that controls operations of the monitoring system and providesan interface for a user to provide input to the monitoring system orreceive output from the monitoring system. The control panel 30 isconnected to a contact sensor 40 that detects whether an exterior doorof the home 10 is oriented in an open position or a closed position. Theconnection between the control panel 30 and the contact sensor 40 may bea wired connection or a wireless connection. The control panel 30receives output from the contact sensor 40 and determines whether theexterior door is oriented in an open position or a closed position basedon the received output from the contact sensor 40.

The control panel 30 also is connected to a motion sensor 50 thatdetects motion in a room of the home 10 in which a camera 60 and amedication tray 70 are located. The motion sensor 50 detects motionproximate to the camera 60 and the medication tray 70 and providesoutput to the control panel 30 based on detected motion. The connectionbetween the control panel 30 and the motion sensor 50 may be a wiredconnection or a wireless connection. The control panel 30 receivesoutput from the motion sensor 50 and determines whether an object (e.g.,a person) is moving in an area near the medication tray 70 based on thereceived output from the motion sensor 50.

The control panel 30 further is connected to the camera 60. The camera60 is positioned to have the medication tray 70 within its field of viewand the camera 60 captures images of the medication tray 70. The controlpanel 30 provides commands to control the camera 60 to capture images ofthe medication tray 70 and the control panel 30 receives output from thecamera 60. The output received by the control panel 30 may be the imagescaptured by the camera 60 and the control panel 30 may process thecaptured images to determine a state of the medication in the medicationtray 70. Alternatively, the camera 60 may process the captured images todetermine a state of the medication in the medication tray 70 andprovide output to the control panel 30 that indicates the state of themedication in the medication tray 70. The connection between the controlpanel 30 and the camera 60 may be a wired connection or a wirelessconnection.

In the example shown in FIG. 1A, the person 20 has opened the exteriordoor to leave the home 10. The contact sensor 40 senses the exteriordoor changing to the open position and provides output to the controlpanel 30 indicating that the exterior door is oriented in the openposition. The control panel 30 receives the output from the contactsensor 40 and determines that the exterior door has been opened. Becauseopening of the exterior door suggests that the person 20 is leaving thehome 10, the control panel 30 initiates a process to check the state ofthe medication for the person 20 based on the determination that theexterior door has been opened. In this regard, the control panel 30sends a command to the camera 60 to capture an image 80 of themedication in the medication tray 70 and also accesses, from a schedulethat defines when the medication should be taken by the patient,information defining a proper state of the medication at a time ofcapturing the image and any medication events that are scheduled tooccur in the relatively near future.

For instance, the control panel 30 determines that, at the time ofcapturing the image, the medication tray 70 should be filled withMedication One and Medication Two, determines that the next medicationevent for Medication One is in twelve minutes, and determines that thenext medication event for Medication Two is in four hours. The controlpanel 30 analyzes the image 80 captured by the camera 60 and determinesthat the state of the medication tray 70 is filled with Medication Oneand Medication Two at the time of capturing the image. The control panel30 compares the determined state of the medication to the proper stateof the medication defined by the schedule and, based on the comparison,determines that the determined state of the medication matches theproper state. Thus, the control panel 30 determines that a missedmedication event has not occurred and does not provide an alert for amissed medication event.

The control panel 30 also analyzes the scheduled medication events inrelation to the sensor data that initiated the process to check thestate of the medication for the person 20 (i.e., the output from thecontact sensor 40). In this example, the control panel 30 compares thetiming of the next scheduled medication events to a threshold that isset for determining whether or not to remind the person 20 of the nextscheduled medication events. The threshold may be set based on userinput, may be pre-set by a manufacturer or installer of the controlpanel 30, or may be set based on monitored activity of the person 20over time. For instance, the control panel may analyze past output fromthe contact sensor 40 and determine that the person 20 leaves the home10 for an average of one hour when the person 20 exits the home throughthe exterior door. Based on the determination that the person 20 leavesthe home 10 for an average of one hour when the person 20 exits the homethrough the exterior door, the control panel 30 sets the threshold atone hour because it is relatively unlikely that the person 20 willcomplete a medication event that is scheduled for less than an hourafter the person 20 exits the home through the exterior door and it isrelatively likely that the person 20 will complete a medication eventthat is scheduled for more than an hour after the person 20 exits thehome through the exterior door. Accordingly, the control panel 30compares the time remaining until the next medication event forMedication One to the threshold of one hour and also compares the timeremaining until the next medication event for Medication Two to thethreshold of one hour. In this example, the control panel 30 determinesthat the time remaining until the next medication event for MedicationOne (i.e., twelve minutes) is less than the threshold and the controlpanel 30 determines that the time remaining until the next medicationevent for Medication Two (i.e., four hours) is more than the threshold.

Based on the determination that the time remaining until the nextmedication event for Medication Two (i.e., four hours) is more than thethreshold, the control panel 30 determines to withhold a reminder forthe next medication event for Medication Two. However, based on thedetermination that the time remaining until the next medication eventfor Medication One (i.e., twelve minutes) is less than the threshold,the control panel 30 provides a reminder for the next medication eventfor Medication One. As shown, the control panel 30 uses a speaker toprovide an audible alert that reminds the person 20 that Medication Oneis due to be taken in twelve minutes and remains in the medication tray70. Because the processing performed by the control panel 30 isrelatively quick, the control panel 30 provides the alert prior to orjust as the person 20 is exiting the home 10 through the exterior door.By providing an alert in this manner, the control panel 20 assists theperson 20 in managing his or her medication because the person 20 isable to decide whether the person 20 should take Medication One with himor her as he or she leaves the home 10, take Medication One early sincethe next event is soon, or plan to return to the home 10 in twelveminutes to complete the next medication event.

As shown in FIG. 1B, the person 20 decides to take Medication One withhim or her as he or she leaves the home 10 and enters the room in whichthe medication is located. Based on the person 20 entering the room inwhich the medication is located, the motion sensor 50 detects motion 50near the medication tray 70 and sends output to the control panel 30indicating that motion has been detected near the medication tray 70. Inresponse to the output indicating that motion has been detected near themedication tray 70, the control panel 30 sends a command to the camera60 to begin capturing images of the medication in the medication tray70. To save battery power and cost, in some implementations, the camera60 does not continuously capture images of the medication tray 70.Instead, the camera 60 waits for signals from the control panel 30 tocapture images of the medication tray 70. The control panel 30 uses theoutput from sensors in the monitoring system (e.g., the contact sensor40 and the motion sensor 50) and the schedule that defines when theperson 20 should take medication to intelligently determine when imagesof the medication tray 70 should be taken. As shown in FIG. 1B, theperson 20 has not reached the medication tray 70 and the control panel30 analyzes the image 80 captured by the camera 60 and determines thatthe state of the medication tray 70 has not changed.

As shown in FIG. 1C, the person 20 arrives at the medication tray 70 andincorrectly takes Medication Two from the medication tray 70. Duringthis time, the motion sensor 50 has continued to provide outputindicating detected motion and the camera 60 has continued to captureimages of the medication tray 70. The control panel 30 analyzes theimage 80 captured by the camera 60 and determines that the state of themedication tray 70 has changed. Specifically, the control panel 30determines that the state of the medication tray 70 is filled withMedication One and unfilled with Medication Two. The control panel 30compares the determined state of the medication to the proper state ofthe medication (e.g., unfilled with Medication One and filled withMedication Two) defined by the schedule and, based on the comparison,determines that the determined state of the medication does not matchthe proper state. Thus, the control panel 30 determines that the person20 has removed the incorrect medication from the medication tray 70 andprovides an alert related to the removal of the incorrect medication. Asshown, the control panel 30 uses a speaker to provide an audible alertthat alerts the person 20 that the incorrect medication was removed fromthe medication tray 70. Because the next medication event for MedicationOne as defined by the schedule has not passed and the person 20 may havebeen removing the medication to consume at a later time after the person20 has exited the home 10, the control panel 30 provides the audiblealert in an attempt to alert the person 20 to the error and have theperson 20 correct the error without having to involve a remote caregiver(or any other party). As the control panel 30 provides the audiblealert, the control panel 30 continues to monitor the state of themedication and output from the contact sensor 40 to determine whetherthe person 20 corrects the error or exits the home 10 without correctingthe error.

As shown in FIG. 1D, the person 20 has opened the exterior door andexited the home 10 without correcting the error. The control panel 30detects that the person 20 opened the exterior door based on output fromthe contact sensor 40 and also confirms that the state of the medicationin the medication tray 70 remains incorrect based on output from thecamera 60. Based on the control panel 30 detecting that the person 20opened the exterior door and confirming that the state of the medicationin the medication tray 70 remains incorrect, the control panel 30 sendsan alert to a remote device that is located outside of the home 10. Thecontrol panel 30 may send the alert to an intermediary monitoring serverthat processes the alert and, potentially, relays the alert to otherdevices. The control panel 30 also may send the alert to a centralmonitoring station that dispatches emergency services to assist withalarm situations or a remote device operated by a caregiver of theperson 20 that is located outside of the home (e.g., at a nursingstation or center). The control panel 30 further may send the alert to amobile device operated by the person 20 or a mobile device operated by afamily member of the person 20. The one or more alerts may indicate thatthe person 20 removed Medication Two at a time that does not accord withthe person's medication schedule and that the person 20 has not removedMedication One in accordance with the person's medication schedule. Theone or more alerts may assist the person 20 in correcting the medicationerror or assist the person 20 in getting help needed to address themedication error.

FIG. 2 illustrates an image sensing device 110 that may be installedwithin a monitored home or facility. The image sensing device 110combines multi-modal sensing (e.g., passive infrared motion sensor,triaxial inertial sensor, illumination sensor, etc.), an infraredillumination source, camera, processor, memory, battery, andinput/output capabilities. The image sensing device 110 detects eventsindicative of mediation consumption (e.g., medication taken, medicationmissed, correct medication taken, incorrect medication taken, etc.).

The image sensing device 110 includes a processor 111, a memory 112, acamera 113, an illumination source 114, a motion sensor 115, anillumination sensor 116, a battery 117, and an input/output port 118.The processor 111 controls operations of the image sensing device 110and may be any suitable processor. The memory 112 stores instructionsthat are executed by the processor 111 and also stores images capturedby the camera 113. The memory 112 may be any type of memory that iscapable storing data and may include a combination of multiple memoryunits. For example, the memory 112 may be a Flash memory component thatstores both instructions that are executed by the processor and imagescaptured by the camera 113.

The camera 113 captures images of an area proximate to where the imagesensing device is located. For instance, the camera 113 may be placed atan upper corner of a room in a building and, in this instance, thecamera 113 captures images of the room. The camera 113 also may beplaced near medication pill bottles and capture images of movement nearthe bottles. The camera 113 may be a video/photographic camera or othertype of optical sensing device configured to capture images. In someimplementations, the camera 113 is a CMOS camera sensor (or a CCD sensoror any other type of imaging device) that captures images at various,different resolutions (e.g., low and/or high resolutions). For instance,the CMOS camera sensor may capture up to 640×480 pixels (e.g., VGAresolution). The camera 113 also may capture a lower resolution image(e.g., Quarter VGA=QVGA=320×240 pixels).

The illumination source 114 may be any source of illumination thatimproves capturing of images in a dark area. For example, theillumination source 114 may include one or more infrared LEDs that emitinfrared light over an area within a field of view of the camera 113 toilluminate objects within the area. The processor 111 may control theillumination source 114 to emit light when the illumination sensor 116detects a level of light that is below a threshold level.

The motion sensor 115 may be passive infrared (PIR) motion sensor, amicrowave motion sensor, or any type of sensor that detects motion in anarea corresponding to a field of view of the camera 113. The processor111 may monitor output of the motion sensor 115 and trigger the camera113 to capture images in response to the motion sensor 115 detectingmotion in the area corresponding to the field of view of the camera 113.

The battery 117 is the power source of the image sensing device 110 andmay be any type of battery capable of delivering power to the imagesensing device 110. The battery 117 may have a relatively small size andmay be a standard type of battery available for purchase at retailstores. The battery 117 may be located in a compartment that is easilyaccessible to a user of the image sensing device 110 to facilitatechanging of the battery 117, which may occur relatively frequently(e.g., every couple of months) depending on the power consumption andimage capture settings of the image sensing device 110.

The input/output port 118 is a communication interface through which thecamera unit may send and receive wireless communications. Theinput/output port 118 may, using a short range wireless protocol (e.g.,Bluetooth, Z-Wave, ZigBee, local wireless 900 MHz communication band,etc.), receive and send short range wireless communications with otherdevices. The input/output port 118 may include a “normally open” or“normally closed” digital input that can trigger capture of images usingthe camera 113.

To reduce processing power needed and to conserve battery life, theprocessor 111 may control components of the image sensing device 110 toperiodically enter sleep mode operation. For example, the processor 111may awaken every second to determine whether any communications havebeen received at the input/output port 118. If no communications havebeen received, the processor 111 may place itself and other components(e.g., the memory 112, the camera 113, etc.) in a sleep mode for anothersecond before awaking again to determine whether any communications havebeen received at the input/output port 118. The processor 111 also mayawaken from a sleep mode state based on output from the motion sensor115 indicating that motion has been detected.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an electronic system 300 configured toprovide medication management and reporting. The system 300 includes theimage sensing device 110, a gateway 120, one or more remote monitoringservers 130, one or more user devices 140, and a central monitoringstation 150. The image sensing device 110 is a relatively small andaffordable unit that captures still images of an area that correspondsto a location of the camera unit. Because the image sensing device 110is relatively small, runs off of battery power, and communicates via awireless communication protocol, the image sensing device 110 may beeasily placed at any location within a monitored property (or justoutside of a monitored property) to provide image surveillance of anarea of the monitored property (or an area just outside of the monitoredproperty).

The gateway 120 is a communication device configured to exchange shortrange wireless communications with the image sensing device 110 and longrange wireless or wired communications with the remote monitoring server130 over the network 135. Because the gateway 120 exchanges short rangewireless communications with the image sensing device 110, the gateway120 is positioned nearby the image sensing device 110. As shown in FIG.3, the gateway 120 and the image sensing device 110 are both locatedwithin a monitored property that is remote (and may be very far awayfrom) the remote monitoring server 130.

In some examples, the gateway 120 may include a wireless communicationdevice configured to exchange long range communications over a wirelessdata channel. In this example, the gateway 120 may transmit header dataand image data over a wireless data channel. The gateway 120 may includeone or more of a GSM module, a radio modem, cellular transmissionmodule, or any type of module configured to exchange communications inone of the following formats: GSM or GPRS, CDMA, EDGE or EGPRS, EV-DO orEVDO, or UMTS.

The gateway 120 includes a buffer memory 122 that stores image datacaptured by the image sensing device 110. The buffer memory 122 maytemporarily store image data captured by the image sensing device 110 todelay a decision of whether the image data (or a subset of the imagedata) is worthwhile to send to the remote monitoring server 130. Thebuffer memory 122 may be larger than the memory 112 of the image sensingdevice 110 and, because the gateway 120 operates using an AC powersource, using the buffer memory 122 to store images captured by theimage sensing device 110 may be more efficient. The gateway 120 also mayinclude a display with which the stored images may be displayed to auser.

The long range wireless network 135 enables wireless communicationbetween the gateway 120 and the remote monitoring server 130. The longrange wireless network 135 may be any type of cellular network and maysupport any one or more of the following protocols: GSM or GPRS, CDMA,EDGE or EGPRS, EV-DO or EVDO, or UMTS. It may be relatively expensive totransmit data over the long range wireless network 135 and, therefore,the image sensing device 110 and the gateway 120 may be selective in theimage data transmitted to the remote monitoring server 130.

The remote monitoring server 130 receives image data from the gateway120 over the long range wireless network 135. The remote monitoringserver 130 stores the received image data and makes the image dataavailable to one or more user devices 140 and/or the central monitoringstation 150 over the IP-based network 145. For instance, the remotemonitoring server 130 may make the image data available to the one ormore user devices 140 and/or the central monitoring station 150 at awebsite accessible by the one or more user devices 140 and/or thecentral monitoring station 150 over the Internet. The remote monitoringserver 130 also may make the image data available to the one or moreuser devices 140 and/or the central monitoring station 150 in anelectronic message, such as an electronic mail message.

In some implementations, the remote monitoring server 130 receives theimage data from the gateway 120 as a reference image and a series ofdifferential images that indicate the difference between thecorresponding image and the reference image. In these implementations,header information sent with the image data indicates which images arereference images, which images are differential images, and whichreference image each differential image corresponds to. The remotemonitoring server 130 processes the reference image and the differentialimages and converts each image into a standard image format, such asJPEG. The remote monitoring server 130 then stores the converted imagesin a database or a file system and makes the converted images availableto the one or more user devices 140 and/or the central monitoringstation 150.

The central monitoring station 150 includes an electronic device (e.g.,a server) configured to provide alarm monitoring service by exchangingcommunications with the remote monitoring server 130 over the network145. For example, the central monitoring station 150 may be configuredto monitor alarm events generated by a monitoring or alarm system thatmonitors the home or facility where the image sensing device 110 islocated. In this example, the central monitoring station 150 mayexchange communications with the remote monitoring server 130 to receiveinformation regarding alarm events detected by the monitoring or alarmsystem. The central monitoring station 150 also may receive informationregarding alarm events from the one or more user devices 140. Thecentral monitoring station 150 may receive images captured by the imagesensing device 110 to enable verification of potential alarm eventsassociated with the proper use of medication.

The central monitoring station 150 may be connected to multipleterminals. The terminals may be used by operators to process alarmevents. For example, the central monitoring station 150 may route alarmdata to the terminals to enable an operator to process the alarm data.The terminals may include general-purpose computers (e.g., desktoppersonal computers, workstations, or laptop computers) that areconfigured to receive alarm data from a server in the central monitoringstation 150 and render a display of information based on the alarm data.For example, the central monitoring station 150 may receive alarm dataand route the alarm data to a terminal for processing by an operatorassociated with the terminal. The terminal may render a display to theoperator that includes information associated with the alarm event(e.g., the name of the user of the alarm system, the address of thebuilding the alarm system is monitoring, the type of alarm event, imagesof medication events taken of the image sensing device 110, etc.) andthe operator may handle the alarm event based on the displayedinformation.

The one or more user devices 140 include devices that host userinterfaces. For instance, the user devices 140 may include a mobiledevice that hosts one or more native applications (e.g., the medicationmonitoring and reporting application). The user devices 140 may includea cellular phone or a non-cellular locally networked device with adisplay. The user devices 140 may include a smart phone, a tablet PC, apersonal digital assistant (“PDA”), or any other portable deviceconfigured to communicate over a network and convey information. Forexample, implementations may also include Blackberry-type devices (e.g.,as provided by Research in Motion), electronic organizers, iPhone-typedevices (e.g., as provided by Apple), iPod devices (e.g., as provided byApple) or other portable music players, other communication devices, andhandheld or portable electronic devices for gaming, communications,and/or data organization. The user devices 140 may perform functionsunrelated to the monitoring system, such as placing personal telephonecalls, playing music, playing video, displaying pictures, browsing theInternet, maintaining an electronic calendar, etc.

The user devices 140 may include a native medication monitoring andreporting application. The native medication monitoring and reportingapplication refers to a software/firmware program running on thecorresponding mobile device that enables the user interface and featuresdescribed throughout. The user devices 140 may load or install thenative medication monitoring and reporting application based on datareceived over a network or data received from local media. The nativemedication monitoring and reporting application runs on mobile devicesplatforms, such as iPhone, iPod touch, Blackberry, Google Android,Windows Mobile, etc. The native medication monitoring and reportingapplication enables the user devices 140 to receive and process imageand sensor data from the monitoring system.

The user devices 140 also may include a general-purpose computer (e.g.,a desktop personal computer, a workstation, or a laptop computer) thatis configured to communicate with the remote monitoring server 130 overthe network 145. The user devices 140 may be configured to display amedication monitoring and reporting user interface that is generated bythe user devices 140 or generated by the remote monitoring server 130.For example, the user devices 140 may be configured to display a userinterface (e.g., a web page) provided by the remote monitoring server130 that enables a user to perceive images captured by the image sensingdevice 110 and/or reports related to the monitoring system.

The system 300 further includes one or more medication containers 126and one or more trigger sources 128. The medication containers 126 maybe pill bottles or other containers or structures that are capable ofstoring medication for use by a patient. The medication containers 126may be marked in an identifiable manner so that the system 300 canidentify a particular medication container and distinguish between thedifferent medication containers 126 used by a patient. For instance, themedication containers 126 may be different colors where a type ofmedication is associated with a color and the system 300 can determinewhich medicine is being taken by detecting the color of the medicationcontainer being used. The medication containers 126 also may have otheridentifying marks (e.g., bar codes) or the medication containers 126 mayinclude other types of identification devices, such as radio-frequencyidentification (RFID) tags.

The trigger sources 128 may include devices or methods that detectmedication events. For example, the trigger sources 128 may includecontact or pressure sensors on which the medication containers 126 areplaced when not in use. In this example, when a user picks up amedication container to take medication, one of the trigger sources 128detects the medication event based on output from the contact orpressure sensor. The system 300 then triggers the image sensor 110 tocapture images of the medication event for use in ensuring the propermedication is taken and the proper amount of medication is taken (e.g.,not too little medication and not too much medication). The system 300also may use output of the trigger sources 128 to identify whichmedication is being taken. In some implementations, the trigger sources128 may include RFID detectors that detect RFID tags placed on themedication containers 126.

In some implementations, the image sensing device 110 and the gateway120 may be part of a home or facility monitoring system (e.g., a homesecurity system). In these implementations, the home or facilitymonitoring system may sense many types of events or activitiesassociated with the home or facility and the sensed events or activitiesmay be leveraged in performing medication monitoring and reportingfeatures. The home or facility monitoring system may include acontroller that communicates with the gateway 120. The controller may beconfigured to control the home or facility monitoring system (e.g., ahome alarm or security system). In some examples, the controller mayinclude a processor or other control circuitry configured to executeinstructions of a program that controls operation of an alarm system. Inthese examples, the controller may be configured to receive input fromsensors, detectors, or other devices included in the home or facilitymonitoring system and control operations of devices included in the homeor facility monitoring system or other household devices (e.g., athermostat, an appliance, lights, etc.).

The home or facility monitoring system also includes one or more sensorsor detectors. For example, the home or facility monitoring system mayinclude multiple sensors, including a contact sensor, a motion sensor orany other type of sensor included in an alarm system, security system,or monitoring system. The sensors also may include an environmentalsensor, such as a temperature sensor, a water sensor, a rain sensor, awind sensor, a light sensor, a smoke detector, a carbon monoxidedetector, an air quality sensor, etc. The sensors further may include ahealth monitoring sensor, such as a prescription bottle sensor thatmonitors taking of prescriptions, a blood pressure sensor, a blood sugarsensor, a bed mat configured to sense presence of liquid (e.g., bodilyfluids) on the bed mat, bathroom usage sensors, food consumptionsensors, etc. In some examples, the sensors may include aradio-frequency identification (RFID) sensor that identifies aparticular article that includes a pre-assigned RFID tag.

In addition, the system 300 may perform proactive care recipientguidance, reminders, and refills. To help encourage correct consumptionand management of medications, several features are provided to assistthose taking medications. For example, users can receive notificationspreemptively reminding them to take medications prior to their scheduledtimes. Additionally, illumination, audio, or other user alerting deviceswithin the installed home or facility can be employed to notify users totake a specific medication (e.g., reminder) or to alert them to one ofvarious issues (e.g., medication bottle vacant, improper medicationremoval, medication bottle needing refill, etc.). All notificationmechanisms (e.g., IVR, SMS, email, etc.) are possible user alertingdevices. Also, information assessed from the analysis of medicationreporting data can be used to remind users to refill medications or tosignal third-parties (e.g., pharmacies, home care agents, caregivers,etc.) of the need for refills or to initiate refills. Contextual datacan also be combined with other sensed data to make health or wellnessassessments based on perceived compliance level and user activity.

In some examples, the system 300 may analyze data captured by othersensors (e.g., sensors of a home monitoring system) and determine how toreport a medication event based on the analysis. In these examples, thesystem 300 may determine whether a property is occupied by one or morepersons other than the medication recipient associated with a medicationevent and implement different reporting strategies depending on whetherthe property is occupied. For instance, the system 300 may provide alocal alert or reminder (e.g., audible alert in the property) for amissed or improper medication event when the system 300 determines thatthe property is presently occupied. The system 300 may escalate thelocal alert to a remote alert or reminder (e.g., a message to a remotemonitoring service that dispatches emergency services) if the system 300determines that no corrective action has been taken for a thresholdperiod of time (e.g., the system 300 does not detect a proper medicationevent or receive confirmation that the improper medication event isbeing handled for a threshold period of time). When the system 300determines that the property is not presently occupied, the system 300may send the remote alert or reminder in the first instance.

Historical data regarding medication compliance may be used in reportinganalysis. The historical data may include information describingcompliance with past medication schedules and past occupancy/usage datafor the property. For example, the system 300 may determine that a firstuser adheres very strictly to a medication schedule based on compliancewith past medication schedules and a second user does not adhere asstrictly to a medication schedule, but typically complies with themedication schedule within permissible tolerances. In this example, thesystem 300 may send a heightened alert (e.g., a message to a remotemonitoring service that dispatches emergency services) a short timeafter the system 300 detects that the first user misses a medicationevent, but may wait longer to send a heightened alert after the system300 detects that the second user misses a medication event to allow thesecond user more time within the permissible tolerances. In anotherexample, the system 300 may monitor past occupancy of the property anddetermine typical occupancy patterns for the property. In this example,the system 300 may use the typical occupancy patterns to infer whetherthe property is occupied at the time of a missed or improper medicationand handle reporting for the missed or improper medication event basedon the inference (e.g., as described above for examples in whichoccupancy of the property is detected directly).

In some implementations, the system 300 may assess how much medicationwas taken by a medication recipient and a type of the medication takenusing techniques described throughout this disclosure. In one example,the system 300 may include a weight sensitive sensor that assesses howmuch medication has been removed (e.g., how many pills have beenremoved) during a medication event based on a weight difference betweena container housing the medication before and after the medicationevent. In these implementations, the system 300 may take differentactions based on how much medication was taken and/or what type ofmedication was taken. For instance, the system 300 may determine whetherthe amount of medication taken for the type of medication is apotentially lethal dosage or a non-lethal dosage (e.g., by referencing adosage table prepared by a medical professional that describes whatconstitutes a potentially lethal versus non-lethal dosage of amedication for a person with characteristics of the medicationrecipient). If the system 300 determines that a potentially lethaldosage has been taken, the system 300 may immediately send a message toa remote monitoring service that dispatches emergency services. If thesystem 300 determines that a non-lethal, but incorrect, dosage has beentaken, the system 300 may send a message indicating the incorrectmedication event to a caregiver of the medication recipient, butwithhold sending a message to a remote monitoring service thatdispatches emergency services unless other events occur that warrantsuch a message. The system 300 may consider other medications themedication recipient is taking and past medication behavior of themedication recipient in determining whether a dosage is potentiallylethal or non-lethal. For instance, the system 300 may determine thatthe medication recipient has taken a potentially lethal dosage ofmedication when the medication recipient takes a combination ofmedications at an amount that would be non-lethal if taken individually,but potentially lethal if taken together. Also, the system 300 maydetermine that the medication recipient has taken a potentially lethaldosage of medication when the medication recipient has taken multiplenon-lethal, but incorrect, dosages of a medication, but has done so in atime period that results in a potentially lethal total dosage ofmedication.

In some examples, the system 300 may monitor all activities of dailyliving that are captured by sensors at a property (e.g., bathroomactivity, sleep activity, eating habits, speed of movement, generallevel of activity, etc.) and analyze the monitored activities in anattempt to identify side effects of medication. In these examples, thesystem 300 may compare activity of a medication recipient beforestarting a new medication to activity of the medication recipient afterstarting the new medication. When the comparison reveals a difference inactivity, the system 300 may report a potential side effect to the newmedication.

FIG. 4 illustrates example trigger sources. Any one or more of theexample trigger sources shown in FIG. 4 may be used as the triggersource when the present description refers to use of a trigger source. Atrigger source is a device capable of detecting the removal or use of amedication or medication container. Medications can remain in theiroriginal packaging or be placed inside of another container within asensed region. The trigger technology may be active (e.g., requiringcontact with the user, medication, or medication container) or passive(e.g., not in direct contact with the user, medication, or medicationcontainer). Physical incarnations of active trigger sources 410 mayinclude, but are not limited to, a sensing surface 411 (activated bywireless communication, weight, reflected infrared, mechanical switch,magnetic, etc.), a sensing enclosure 412 (activated by mechanicalswitches, etc.), an attachment 413 to a sensing container (activated bywireless communication, movement, change in capacitance, mechanicalswitch, etc.), or user interface device 414 (activated by user input,near-field radio communication, wireless communication, etc.). Thesensing surface 411 may be capable of recognizing the type of medicationtaken (by wireless communication such as near-field communication,radio-frequency identification, etc.) and the amount taken (by assessingchange in weight of medication containers). Furthermore, physicalincarnations of active sensing triggers 410 may be combined (e.g.,pairing of sensing surface 411 and sensing attachment 413).

Passive trigger sources 420 (e.g., motion sensors, door sensors, andimaging devices) can detect possible user actions near, but not indirect contact with medication devices. For example, a motion sensor 421with a restricted field of view can detect movement near a medicationcontainer 422. Also, a door sensor placed on a medication cabinet candetect possible medication removals.

FIG. 5 illustrates another example of an electronic system 500configured to provide medication management and reporting. The system500 includes one or more trigger sources 510, one or more passivesensors 520, one or more imaging sensors 530, one or more user interfacedevices 540, a gateway device 550, one or more remote servers 560, and amonitoring center 570. The one or more user interface devices 540, thegateway device 550, the one or more remote servers 560, and themonitoring center 570 may exchange communications over a communicationnetwork 580.

In addition to their use as passive trigger sources, passive sensors 520may be employed to monitor medication-related events or lack thereof.For example, passive sensors 520 can monitor aspects of behavior relatedto medication consumption (e.g., general activity level, sleeping,eating, bathroom use, etc.). This behavior profiling can help to promotebehaviors necessary for certain medications (e.g., eating before orafter consuming medications) or to assess the effects of certainmedications (e.g., sleeping, bathroom use, etc.).

Imaging sensors 530 (e.g., still frame or video) are capable ofrecognizing the type of medication taken (by analyzing native or addedmarkings affixed to the medication container). Furthermore, imagingsensors 530 paired with identify recognition routines can be utilized toidentify an individual associated with a taken medication. Imagingsensors 530 may also have other modes of sensing (e.g., motion,acceleration, etc.) to trigger or augment native imaging and sensingcapabilities.

A user interface device 540 can be used to communicate information to orgather information from a user about medications or medication-relatedactivity (e.g., medications, schedules, reminders, verification,behavior profiling, or reporting). Possible physical incarnations ofuser interface devices 540 may include light or audio sources, displays,push buttons, or mobile devices (e.g., mobile phones or mobile phoneapplications). A user interface device 540 may also act as a sensingdevice and relay data to the gateway device 550 or directly to remoteservers 560 through the communication network 580. For example, the userinterface device 540 may actively seek a response from a patient (e.g.,via push button) to confirm medication adherence or passively monitoractivity with built-in sensors.

A gateway device 550 can be used to relay information between remoteservers 560 (e.g., over a public or private communication network) andsystems at the patient location. The gateway device 550 can also allowsystems within a patient's location to communicate without involvementfrom remote servers 560. Certain incarnations of the system 500 may notinclude a gateway device 550. Therefore, trigger sources 510, passivesensors 520, imaging sensors 530, or user interface devices 540 may beconnected directly to the communication network 580.

Remote servers 560 may be employed to store, process, and initiateactions based upon medication data collected about each monitored userand location. Monitoring center agents can also annotate user recordsstored on the remote servers 560.

A monitoring center 570 may employ automated or human agents to observeuser medication events and contact users or caregivers based on definedprotocols, quantitative or qualitative assessments. Monitoring centeragents can also annotate records stored on the remote server 560 about apatient.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example process 600 for medication monitoring andreporting. The operations of the example process 600 are describedgenerally as being performed by the system 300. The operations of theexample process 600 may be performed by one of the components of thesystem 300 (e.g., the image sensing device 110, the gateway 120, theremote monitoring server 130, etc.) or may be performed by anycombination of the components of the system 300. The operations of theexample process 600 also may be performed by the system 500 or one ormore components of the system 500. In some implementations, operationsof the example process 600 may be performed by one or more processorsincluded in one or more electronic devices.

The process 600 for medication management includes scheduling (610),reminding (620), verifying (630), profiling (640), and reporting (650).Although multiple steps are illustrated as part of the overall process600, some medication management implementations may only employ a subsetof these steps.

The system 300 performs scheduling of one or more medication events(610). A medication event can be entered by a user (e.g., patient,formal caregiver, informal caregiver) into a user interface device or awebsite. The schedule can be stored on local devices and on remoteservers. The schedule can also be downloaded from other prescriptionmedication entities (e.g., pharmacies, prescription clearinghouse,electronic medical record, etc.). The user interface device can capturethe schedule from visual inspection of the label (e.g., image processingfrom captured image) or wirelessly (e.g., radio-frequency identificationor near-field communication tag on medication container). The userinterface device can also derive information from other sensors (e.g.,imaging sensor) or trigger sources to ascertain the schedule. The userinterface device can synchronize schedules with the patient storedrecords on the remote server via a gateway device connected to acommunication network or straight to the communication network.Schedules on the remote servers can be accessed by a monitoring centeror other trusted entities.

The system 300 performs reminding related to one or more medicationevents (620). From predefined schedules, patients can be promptedpreemptively to remind them to take medications prior to their scheduledtimes. This prompting can be initiated at the remote servers or at theuser interface device. The prompting can employ user interface outputmechanisms (e.g., audio, illumination, display, etc.) or communicatedirectly to the user via automated telephone call, text message, pushnotification, or email. Reminders can also be generated when medicationrefills are needed based on information stored at the server or on auser interface device. Reminders can be paired with patient queries(e.g., questionnaire in mobile application) to determine medicationusage in the absence of sensors or trigger sources. Reminders can besent to patients or caregivers.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example process 700 for performing remindingrelated to one or more medication events. The operations of the exampleprocess 700 are described generally as being performed by the system300. The operations of the example process 700 may be performed by oneof the components of the system 300 (e.g., the image sensing device 110,the gateway 120, the remote monitoring server 130, etc.) or may beperformed by any combination of the components of the system 300. Theoperations of the example process 700 also may be performed by thesystem 500 or one or more components of the system 500. In someimplementations, operations of the example process 700 may be performedby one or more processors included in one or more electronic devices.

The system 300 monitors activity of a patient (710). For example, thesystem 300 monitors activity of the patient within the patient's home.In this example, the system 300 may monitor any of the sensors describedthroughout this disclosure to monitor the patient's activity within thepatient's home. The system 300 may consider any data collected by amonitoring system that monitors the patient's home with the dataconsidered being any of the sensor data (e.g., contact sensor data,motion sensor data, image sensor data, etc.) described throughout thisdisclosure.

In addition, the system 300 monitors activity of the patient outside ofthe patient's home. For instance, the system 300 may receive reportsfrom a mobile device (e.g., mobile phone) of the patient that indicate alocation of the mobile device determined using Global Positioning System(GPS) technology. The system 300 also may monitor activity of thepatient outside of the patient's home using any other type of trackingdevice that is capable of tracking the patient's location outside of thepatient's home.

The system 300 compares the monitored activity of the patient to aroutine of taking medication associated with the patient (720). Forexample, the system 300 compares the monitored activity of the patientto a schedule of medication events for the patient. In this example, thesystem 300 evaluates the activity of the patient with respect to thenext scheduled medication event for the patient to assess whether or notthe activity of the patient suggests that the patient will be able tocomplete the next scheduled medication event.

The system 300 also may compare the monitored activity of the patient topast routine activity of the patient in completing scheduled medicationevents. For example, the system 300 may track the patient's activityover time in relation to the patient completing scheduled medicationevents. In this example, the system 300 may compare the monitoredactivity of the patient to a tracked routine of past activity of thepatient when the patient has successfully completed medication events inthe past. Based on the comparison of the monitored activity to thetracked routine of past activity for successful medication events, thesystem 300 determines whether the current monitored activity isconsistent with the tracked routine of past activity for successfulmedication events or inconsistent with the tracked routine of pastactivity for successful medication events.

Further, the system 300 may compare the monitored activity of thepatient to a tracked routine of past activity of the patient when thepatient has not successfully completed medication events in the past.Based on the comparison of the monitored activity to the tracked routineof past activity for unsuccessful medication events, the system 300determines whether the current monitored activity is consistent with thetracked routine of past activity for unsuccessful medication events orinconsistent with the tracked routine of past activity for unsuccessfulmedication events.

The system 300 determines an expectation that the patient will takemedication at a next appropriate time based on the comparison (730). Forinstance, the system 300 evaluates the comparison of the monitoredactivity of the patient to the schedule of medication events for thepatient and, based on the evaluation, determines whether or not thepatient appears to be in position to successfully complete the nextscheduled medication event. When the evaluation reveals that the nextscheduled medication event is in fifteen minutes, the medication iswithin the patient's home, and the patient is detected as moving aroundthe patient's home, the system 300 determines that the patient is likelyto successfully complete the next scheduled medication event. When theevaluation reveals that the next scheduled medication event is infifteen minutes, the medication is within the patient's home, and thepatient is detected as being outside of the patient's home more thantwenty miles away, the system 300 determines that the patient is likelyto miss the next scheduled medication event. The system 300 also mayconsider whether the patient is leaving the patient's home at a timethat is relatively close to the next scheduled medication event anddetermine that the patient is likely to miss the next scheduledmedication event based on the patient leaving the patient's home at atime that is relatively close to the next scheduled medication eventwhen the medication remains in the patient's home.

In addition, the system 300 may evaluate the comparison of the monitoredactivity of the patient to past routine activity of the patient incompleting scheduled medication events and, based on the evaluation,determine whether or not the patient is likely to successfully completethe next scheduled medication event. For instance, the system 300determines that the patient is likely to successfully complete the nextscheduled medication event based on the evaluation revealing that thecurrent monitored activity is consistent with the tracked routine ofpast activity for successful medication events. In contrast, the system300 determines that the patient is likely to miss the next scheduledmedication event based on the evaluation revealing that the currentmonitored activity is inconsistent with the tracked routine of pastactivity for successful medication events. Moreover, the system 300determines that the patient is likely to miss the next scheduledmedication event based on the evaluation revealing that the currentmonitored activity is consistent with the tracked routine of pastactivity for unsuccessful medication events.

The system 300 withholds a reminder and continues monitoring activity ofthe patient based on a determination that the patient is expected totake medication at the next appropriate time (740). For instance, thesystem 300 determines not to provide a reminder to the patient or thepatient's caregiver based on a determination that the patient is likelyto successfully complete the next scheduled medication event. Bywithholding the reminder, the system 300 does not burden the patient orthe patient's caregiver with reminders when the patient is expected tosuccessfully complete the next scheduled medication event. In thisregard, the patient and the patient's caregiver are less likely tobecome annoyed with the system 300 and are more likely to takemedication reminders provided by the system 300 seriously. The system300 does continue monitoring the activity of the patient to determinewhether the patient's activity changes and it becomes likely that thepatient will miss the next scheduled medication event. If the system 300determines that it becomes likely that the patient will miss the nextscheduled medication event, the system 300 provides a reminder or alertas appropriate.

The system 300 provides a reminder based on a determination that thepatient is expected to miss taking medication at the next appropriatetime (750). For example, the system 300 provides a reminder to thepatient or the patient's caregiver. In this example, the system 300 maydetermine whether the monitored activity suggests that the patient orthe patient's caregiver is within the patient's home with the medicationin determining how to provide the reminder. When the system 300determines that the monitored activity suggests that the patient or thepatient's caregiver is within the patient's home, the system 300 mayfirst attempt an in home reminder using a speaker, display, or otheroutput device that is part of the monitoring system in the patient'shome. In this regard, the system 300 delays elevating the reminder to aremote caregiver or monitoring station because the patient or thepatient's caregiver is located in the home and is likely to be inposition to complete the medication event when reminded. When the system300 determines that the monitored activity suggests that the patient isoutside of the patient's home, the system 300 provides a reminder to aremote device (e.g., mobile phone) of the patient and also may provide areminder to a remote caregiver or monitoring station to alert the remotecaregiver or monitoring station that the patient is unlikely going to beable to complete the next scheduled medication event.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example reminder interface 800. The reminderinterface 800 may be displayed by a device (e.g., a mobile device, apersonal computer, etc.) operated by the patient. The reminder interface800 provides an indication that the patient is scheduled to take twotypes of medication at 2:00 PM, which the reminder interface 800indicates is fifteen minutes from when the reminder was provided. Thereminder interface 800 also asks the patient to confirm that themedication will be taken at the scheduled time and provides an inputcontrol 810 to which the patient may provide user input to confirm thatthe medication will be taken at the scheduled time. Based on the patientproviding user input confirming that the medication will be taken at thescheduled time, the system 300 may withhold further reminders until thescheduled time passes without the system 300 detecting completion of themedication event. In addition, the system 300 may delay alerting aremote caregiver or a monitoring station in the event of a missedmedication event being detected based on the patient providing userinput confirming that the medication will be taken at the scheduledtime. For example, in response to detecting a missed medication event,the system 300 may first provide another reminder to the patient becausethe patient appears to be engaged in completing the medication event. Inthis example, the system 300 may continue to monitor for completion ofthe medication event after providing the additional reminder to thepatient and then alert a remote caregiver or a monitoring station basedon detecting that the medication event has not been completed within athreshold period of time after providing the additional reminder.

The reminder interface 800 also enables the patient to enter a time bywhich the patient will take medication when the patient is unable totake the medication by the scheduled time. For example, the reminderinterface 800 includes an input area 820 in which the patient may enterthe time by which the patient expects to be able to take the medicationand an input control 830 that enables the patient to provide user inputsubmitting the time entered in the input area 820. In this example, thepatient may use the input area 820 and the input control 830 to enter atime by which the patient expects to take the medication that is afterthe scheduled time (e.g., the next appropriate time that complies withthe schedule). Based on the patient entering a time that is after thescheduled time, the system 300 determines whether the entered time iswithin an acceptable range of the scheduled time (e.g., a range of timein which the taking of the medication will be substantially as effectiveas if taken at the scheduled time).

Based on a determination that the entered time is outside of theacceptable range of the scheduled time, the system 300 provides an alertto the patient indicating that the entered time is not acceptable andthat the patient needs to take the medication by a time that is withinthe acceptable range. The system 300 also may provide an alert to aremote caregiver or a monitoring station alerting that the patientprovided user input indicating that the patient is unable to take themedication within the acceptable range.

Based on a determination that the entered time is within the acceptablerange of the scheduled time, the system 300 adjusts the schedule basedon the entered time by which the patient expects to take the medicationand handles verification of consumption of the medication and alertingrelated to consumption of the medication based on the adjusted schedule.For example, the system 300 resets the next scheduled time to theentered time by which the patient expects to take the medication andmonitors whether the patient takes the medication by the reset time. Inthis example, the system 300 discontinues monitoring of the originallyscheduled time and does not provide alerts or reminders when theoriginally scheduled time passes. Rather, the system 300 only providealerts or reminders based on the system 300 detecting the reset timepassing without detecting completion of the medication event.

The reminder interface 800 further includes an indication that a failureto respond will result in an alert being sent to a caregiver. The system300 monitors for a response to the reminder and sends an alert to aremote caregiver or a monitoring station based on detecting that thepatient has failed to respond to the reminder within a threshold periodof time.

Referring again to FIG. 6, the system 300 performs verification relatedto one or more medication events (630). Verification of medicationschedule can check whether the correct medication is taken at thecorrect time in the correct dosage by the intended patient. A medicationevent can be signaled by one or more trigger sources or user interfacedevices. An event can be detected proximal to the medication(s) by anyof the aforementioned trigger sources and sensors, or a patient cancommunicate their compliance via user interface devices (e.g., push of abutton, etc.). The event or events within a window of time can becompared to a stored schedule at the remote servers or locally on a userinterface device. If medication is taken at the incorrect time or nomedication event is triggered, the event or non-event can be flagged bythe user interface device or at the remote servers. Subsequent immediatefeedback (e.g., to the user interface device, automated or monitoredtelephone call, email, text message, etc.) can be initiated to thepatient or caregivers.

Imaging devices, user interface devices, sensors, or trigger sources mayalso be used to verify the identity of the patient taking the medicationpassively (e.g. facial recognition at the device or remote server, etc.)or actively (e.g. biometric authentication, radio frequencyidentification or near field communication tags, etc.).

FIG. 9 illustrates an example process 900 for performing verificationrelated to one or more medication events. The operations of the exampleprocess 900 are described generally as being performed by the system300. The operations of the example process 900 may be performed by oneof the components of the system 300 (e.g., the image sensing device 110,the gateway 120, the remote monitoring server 130, etc.) or may beperformed by any combination of the components of the system 300. Theoperations of the example process 900 also may be performed by thesystem 500 or one or more components of the system 500. In someimplementations, operations of the example process 900 may be performedby one or more processors included in one or more electronic devices.

In general, the process 900 produces a recorded history of medicationconsumption events for management and verification purposes. The process900 also enables such events to be compared against known andpre-configured schedules or observed and profiled usage patterns sonotifications can be generated for missed or improper medication timesor consumption of improper medications. Features, which work in concertwith the process 900, both guide and remind those taking medicationsthrough appropriate medication schedules to encourage overall medicationadherence. Contextual information about the medication events can alsobe used to facilitate refills.

Medications are placed within close proximity to each other and to theimage sensing device such that they are within the field of view of thedevice's camera and within sensing range of the device's or othersensors. Medications may be placed in a tray 1010 (as shown in thedepiction of an example device in FIG. 10) or remain in native or otherpackaging within the sensed region. Medications in packaging can bedistinguished on the basis of size, shape, color or other identifiablecharacteristics of the packaging, medication(s), or other added devicesto promote differentiation.

The system 300 performs a triggered or scheduled image capture (910).For example, a medication event can be scheduled or signaled by one ormore trigger sources. These sources include, but are not limited to: anoptional medication presence sensing device (e.g., contact, capacitive,inductive, magnetic, RFID, or other sensor) or any combination of theimage device's sensors (e.g., the image itself, passive infrared motionsensor, inertial sensor, etc.). The sources may include other sensors ina home or facility monitoring system to trigger image capture of apotential medication event. When an event is detected proximal to themedication(s) (e.g., motion detected near sensor), the image sensingdevice captures an image.

Following the image capture, the system 300 performs image processingand/or storage (920). The processing may be performed on the imagesensing device, at the gateway, or on the remote monitoring servers tovalidate the accuracy of removed medications. For example, the imageprocessing may be used to determine whether the exact medication(s) isremoved from the correct locations in a medication dispensing tray. Inthis example, the system shown in FIG. 10 in both component and sideview may be used. The system includes the image sensing device 110 and amedication dispensing tray 1010. As shown, the image sensing device 110is oriented above the medication dispensing tray 1010. A field of viewof the image sensing device 110 covers the entire medication dispensingtray 1010 and is close enough to the medication dispensing tray 1010 toimage medications in the medication dispensing tray 1010 at a sufficientdetail. Images of the medication dispensing tray 1010 may be analyzed todetermine which, if any, medications (e.g., pills) from the medicationdispensing tray 1010 have been removed and which, if any, medications(e.g., pills) remain in the medication dispensing tray 1010. Images ofthe medication dispensing tray 1010 may be taken based on a triggeringevent (e.g., a motion sensor of the image sensing device 110 indicatingmotion near the medication dispensing tray 1010, a contact sensor of themedication dispensing tray 1010 indicating medication has been removed,a contact sensor of a security system located on a door leading to aroom in which the medication dispensing tray 1010 indicating that thedoor was been opened, etc.) or based on a timing schedule (e.g., imageevery four hours when the person is supposed to take medication).

After image processing, the system 300 performs a comparison toscheduled or expected medication routines (930). The removedmedication(s) may be compared to preset scheduled medication routines todetermine whether the quantity and type of medication(s) removed isconsistent with a prescribed routine. Schedules can be pre-configuredand entered by users. Expected events can be determined by comparingobserved medication events to profiled user behavior.

Based on comparison results, the system 300 performs medicationcompliance reporting (940). For example, information about themedication removal event can be used to notify the individual taking thenotification of improper medication removal (e.g., immediately). Also,if a scheduled event is not detected by any of the trigger sourceswithin an acceptable and user-specified window of time, then a messagecan be generated to inform user(s) that a scheduled medication has beenmissed. Furthermore, data and images of the event or lack thereof can beforwarded to the gateway device 120 in the home or onto the remotemonitoring servers 130 for storage or notification purposes. Users areable to retrieve historic data about medication consumption eventsstored in the system 300. From the remote monitoring servers 130, dataand images can be sent to user devices 140 or a central monitoringstation 150. Verification of medication events can be made by humaninspection of images if desired. Medication management can be performedwith or without image or other human-based verification mechanisms.

Referring again to FIG. 6, the system 300 performs profiling related toone or more medication events (640). Other passive sensors placed aroundthe patient's location can be used to measure patient activity.Furthermore, user interface devices can be used to administerquestionnaires or collect data from internal sensors (e.g.,accelerometers, angular rate sensors, etc.). Data can be synthesized toderive aspects of behavior associated with fully compliant medicationregimens. For example, user behavior can be analyzed during medicationevents to monitor compliance with related prerequisite activities (e.g.,eating before or after a medication is consumed). Patient activity canalso be analyzed to observe behaviors related to certain medications orrelated health indicators. For example, measurement of sleep, eating, orgeneral activity level could be forwarded to the patient or caregiversto assess effects of medications. Third party data sources (e.g.,pharmacy or clinician data) may be captured to augment existing data.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example process 1100 for performing profilingrelated to one or more medication events. The operations of the exampleprocess 1100 are described generally as being performed by the system300. The operations of the example process 1100 may be performed by oneof the components of the system 300 (e.g., the image sensing device 110,the gateway 120, the remote monitoring server 130, etc.) or may beperformed by any combination of the components of the system 300. Theoperations of the example process 1100 also may be performed by thesystem 500 or one or more components of the system 500. In someimplementations, operations of the example process 1100 may be performedby one or more processors included in one or more electronic devices.

The system 300 monitors activity of a patient over time during a periodof time the patient is scheduled to take medication (1110). For example,the system 300 monitors activity of the patient within the patient'shome. In this example, the system 300 may monitor any of the sensorsdescribed throughout this disclosure to monitor the patient's activitywithin the patient's home. The system 300 may consider any datacollected by a monitoring system that monitors the patient's home withthe data considered being any of the sensor data (e.g., contact sensordata, motion sensor data, image sensor data, bathroom usage data,medication consumption data, food consumption data, sleeping habitsdata, etc.) described throughout this disclosure. The system 300 maymonitor activity of the patient over a relatively long period of timeduring which the patient is scheduled to take the medication (e.g., overa number of days, weeks, months, or years).

The system 300 determines past activity of patient (1120). For instance,the system 300 determines past activity of the patient within thepatient's home based on monitoring the patient's activity over time. Insome examples, the past activity of the patient is activity of thepatient that occurred before the patient began taking the medication. Inthese examples, the past activity of the patient serves as a baseline bywhich the monitored activity may be compared against. In addition, thepast activity of the patient may be activity of the patient thatoccurred after the patient began taking the medication, but prior to themonitored activity. In this case, the past activity of the patientserves as a baseline of the patient's activity while taking themedication and may be compared against the current monitored activity todetermine whether the patient's activity has changed (e.g., because thepatient has stopped taking the medication).

The system 300 determines expected activity of the patient during theperiod of time the patient is schedule to take medication (1130). Forinstance, the system 300 may access one or more behavior profiles thatdescribe how the patient is expected to act during the period of timethe patient is scheduled to take medication. The one or more behaviorprofiles may indicate that the patient should see a decrease in bathroomvisits when taking the medication or that the sleeping habits of thepatient should stabilize when taking the medication.

The system 300 analyzes the monitored activity with respect to the pastactivity and the expected activity (1140). For instance, the system 300compares the current monitored activity of the patient with the pastactivity of the patient to see if activity of the patient has changed.In addition, the system 300 may compare the current monitored activityof the patient with the expected activity to determine whether thecurrent monitored activity of the patient matches the expected activity.When the expected activity relates to a change in the patient'sactivity, the system 300 evaluates the change in the patient's activitythat is expected with respect to a result of a comparison of the currentmonitored activity of the patient with the past activity of the patient.

The system 300 determines whether an issue exists related to thepatient's taking of medication based on the analysis (1150). Forexample, the system 300 evaluates a comparison of the current monitoredactivity of the patient with the past activity of the patient anddetermines whether the activity of the patient has changed. In thisexample, the system 300 determines whether the patient's activity isexpected to change when taking the medication and, if so, how thepatient's activity is expected to change. When the patient's activity isexpected to change and the system 300 determines that the patient'sactivity has not changed, the system 300 determines that the patient'smedication is not working or that the patient is not taking themedication. When the system 300 determines that the patient's activityhas changed in a manner that is not expected, the system 300 maydetermine that the patient is suffering from one or more side effects oftaking the medication.

In some examples, the system 300 evaluates a comparison of the currentmonitored activity of the patient with the expected activity of thepatient and determines whether the current monitored activity of thepatient matches the expected activity of the patient. In these examples,the system 300 determines that the patient's medication is not workingor that the patient is not taking the medication based on determiningthat the current monitored activity of the patient does not match theexpected activity of the patient. When the system 300 determines thatthe current monitored activity of the patient matches the expectedactivity of the patient, the system 300 determines that the medicationis working and monitors for other changes in activity that would suggesta potential side effect of the medication.

The system 300 provides an alert based on a determination that an issueexists related to the patient's taking of medication (1160). Forexample, the system 300 provides an alert to the patient's doctor, thepatient's caregiver, or a remote monitoring station. In this example,the system 300 may provide an alert to a remote device (e.g., mobilephone) of the patient's doctor, the patient's caregiver, or a remotemonitoring station to alert the patient's doctor, the patient'scaregiver, or the remote monitoring station to the issue related to thepatient's taking of the medication.

FIG. 12 illustrates example alert interfaces. For example, a first alertinterface 1210 provides an alert that a patient's sleep habits indicatethat the patient is not taking his or her anti-depressant medication. Inthis example, the system 300 monitors sleep habits of a patient thattakes anti-depressant medication using a bed sensor (e.g., a bed mat)that senses movement (e.g., restlessness) of a person lying down in abed. The system 300 also may monitor one or more motion or contactsensors that measure activity of the patient during hours in which thepatient should be sleeping. Based on monitoring the sleep habits of thepatient, the system 300 determines that the patient is having troublesleeping and that the sleep habits of the patient are erratic. Becausesleep habits stabilize for patients when properly taking anti-depressantmedication, the system 300 determines that the sleep habits for thepatient indicate that the patient is not taking his or heranti-depressant medication. The system 300 sends the alert that causesdisplay of the first alert interface 1210 based on the determinationthat the sleep habits for the patient indicate that the patient is nottaking his or her anti-depressant medication.

The first alert interface 1210 provides several user input controls thathelp a recipient of the alert (e.g., a doctor, a caregiver, etc.)evaluate and handle the alert. For instance, the first alert interface1210 includes a contact patient interface control 1211 that allows therecipient of the alert to contact the patient in response to selectingthe contact patient interface control 1211. The contact patientinterface control 1211 may initiate a telephone call to the patient, mayinitiate an email to the patient, may initiate an instant messagingsession with the patient, or may initiate any other type ofcommunication session with the patient that enables discussion of thesituation.

The first alert interface 1210 also includes a view records inputcontrol 1212 that enables a recipient of the alert (e.g., a doctor, acaregiver, etc.) to receive information regarding the records of thepatient. For instance, the recipient of the alert may select the viewrecords input control 1212 and, based on the selection, the system 300retrieves the medical records of the patient from a remote database anddisplays the retrieved medical records to the recipient of the alert.The recipient of the alert reviews the records of the patient and makesa determination of how to handle the alert. In some implementations, thesystem 300 may require the recipient of the alert to provideidentification information (e.g., a user name and a password) thatverifies that the recipient of the alert is authorized to view themedical records of the patient prior to allowing the recipient of thealert to view the medical records.

The first alert interface 1210 further includes an increase monitoringinput control 1213 that enables a recipient of the alert (e.g., adoctor, a caregiver, etc.) to cause an increase in the monitoringprocedures used to verify whether the patient is properly taking his orher anti-depressant medication. Because the patient is expected to befailing to comply with his or her medication schedule, the recipient ofthe alert may determine that increased monitoring of the patient'smedication schedule would be beneficial to confirm whether or not thepatient is failing to comply with his or her medication schedule. Forexample, the increase monitoring input control 1213 may cause the system300 to increase automated monitoring for whether the patient iscomplying with the medication schedule. In this example, the system 300may increase the frequency with which the system 300 takes images of thepatient's medication to get a more accurate timing of when medication isbeing removed from the patient's medication tray or other container.

In addition, the system 300 may add additional monitoring proceduresbased on receiving user input selecting the increase monitoring inputcontrol 1213. For example, prior to receiving user input selecting theincrease monitoring input control 1213, the system 300 may monitorimages of the patient's medication, but may not be monitoring images ofthe patient taking the medication. In this example, in response toreceiving user input selecting the increase monitoring input control1213, the system 300 begins capturing images of the patient taking themedication and analyzes the captured images to verify that the patientis actually taking the medication when it is removed from the medicationtray or other container and to verify that the person taking themedication is in fact the patient (e.g., using facial recognition orother biometric identification technology).

Further, the system 300 may require additional manual monitoring forwhether the patient is complying with the medication schedule inresponse to receiving user input selecting the increase monitoring inputcontrol 1213. For instance, the system 300 may schedule in homemonitoring visits by a caregiver at scheduled medication times, so thatthe caregiver can verify that the patient is taking his or hermedication at the scheduled medication times. The system 300 also maybegin requiring the patient to provide user input confirming thatmedication events have occurred. The system 300 may use the requireduser input as an additional data point in verifying medicationcompliance and sending reminders or alerts.

The second alert interface 1220 provides an alert that bathroom habitsindicate that a medication that a patient is taking for a urinary tractinfection is not working. For instance, the system 300 monitors bathroomhabits of the patient using a toilet sensor that tracks usage of thetoilet (e.g., a sensor that tracks when a toilet is flushed). The system300 also may monitor one or more motion or contact sensors that measureactivity of the patient entering and/or leaving the bathroom. Based onmonitoring the bathroom habits of the patient, the system 300 determinesthat the patient is frequently using the bathroom at a rate that ishigher than a past baseline established for the patient and consistentwith a rate at which the patient was using the bathroom aftercontracting the urinary tract infection, but prior to starting themedication. Because bathroom usage decreases for patients whenmedication is properly combating a urinary tract infection, the system300 determines that the bathroom habits for the patient indicate thatthe medication that the patient is taking for the urinary tractinfection is not working. The system 300 sends the alert that causesdisplay of the second alert interface 1220 based on the determinationthat the medication that the patient is taking for the urinary tractinfection is not working.

The second alert interface 1220 provides several user input controlsthat help a recipient of the alert (e.g., a doctor, a caregiver, etc.)evaluate and handle the alert. For instance, the second alert interface1220 includes a prescribe new medication input control 1221 that allowsthe recipient of the alert to prescribe a new medication for thepatient. In response to receiving user input selecting the prescribe newmedication input control 1221, the system 300 displays an interface thatallows the recipient of the alert to select a new medication and adosage for the new medication. In response to receiving input selectingthe new medication and the dosage for the new medication, the system 300automatically sends a prescription for the new medication to a pharmacyregistered for the patient and provides the patient or the patient'scaregiver with a message indicating that the patient's doctor hasprescribed a new medication for the patient, that the new medication isavailable at the pharmacy registered for the patient, and that use ofthe old medication should be discontinued. In some implementations, thesystem 300 may require the recipient of the alert to provideidentification information (e.g., a user name and a password) thatverifies that the recipient of the alert is the patient's doctor priorto allowing the recipient of the alert to prescribe a new medication forthe patient.

The second alert interface 1220 also includes a change dosage inputcontrol 1222 that allows the recipient of the alert to change a dosageat which the patient is currently taking the medication. In response toreceiving user input selecting the change dosage input control 1222, thesystem 300 displays an interface that allows the recipient of the alertto select a new dosage for the medication. In response to receivinginput selecting the new dosage, the system 300 automatically providesthe patient or the patient's caregiver with a message indicating thatthe patient's doctor has set a new dosage for the medication the patientis taking for the urinary tract infection and the patient should begintaking the new dosage. The system 300 may begin verifying that thepatient is taking the new dosage based on the setting of the new dosage.In some implementations, the system 300 may require the recipient of thealert to provide identification information (e.g., a user name and apassword) that verifies that the recipient of the alert is the patient'sdoctor prior to allowing the recipient of the alert to change the dosagefor the patient's medication.

The second alert interface 1220 further includes a view records inputcontrol 1223 that enables a recipient of the alert (e.g., a doctor, acaregiver, etc.) to receive information regarding the records of thepatient. For instance, the recipient of the alert may select the viewrecords input control 1223 and, based on the selection, the system 300retrieves the medical records of the patient from a remote database anddisplays the retrieved medical records to the recipient of the alert.The recipient of the alert reviews the records of the patient and makesa determination of how to handle the alert. In some implementations, thesystem 300 may require the recipient of the alert to provideidentification information (e.g., a user name and a password) thatverifies that the recipient of the alert is authorized to view themedical records of the patient prior to allowing the recipient of thealert to view the medical records.

In addition, the second alert interface 1220 includes a contact patientinterface control 1224 that allows the recipient of the alert to contactthe patient in response to selecting the contact patient interfacecontrol 1224. The contact patient interface control 1224 may initiate atelephone call to the patient, may initiate an email to the patient, mayinitiate an instant messaging session with the patient, or may initiateany other type of communication session with the patient that enablesdiscussion of the situation.

The third alert interface 1230 provides an alert that an increase inpain reliever consumption by a patient indicates that headaches are aside effect of a new medication for the patient. For instance, thesystem 300 monitors consumption of pain relievers by the patient usingany of the techniques described throughout this disclosure formonitoring medication usage. Based on monitoring the consumption of painrelievers by the patient, the system 300 determines that the patient isfrequently taking pain relievers at a rate that is higher than a pastbaseline established for the patient prior to starting the newmedication. Because pain reliever consumption increases for patientswhen medication is causing headaches as a side effect, the system 300determines that headaches are a side effect of the new medication forthe patient. The system 300 sends the alert that causes display of thethird alert interface 1230 based on the determination that headaches area side effect of the new medication for the patient.

The third alert interface 1230 provides several user input controls thathelp a recipient of the alert (e.g., a doctor, a caregiver, etc.)evaluate and handle the alert. For instance, the third alert interface1230 includes a prescribe new medication input control 1231 that allowsthe recipient of the alert to prescribe a new medication for thepatient. In response to receiving user input selecting the prescribe newmedication input control 1231, the system 300 displays an interface thatallows the recipient of the alert to select a new medication and adosage for the new medication. In response to receiving input selectingthe new medication and the dosage for the new medication, the system 300automatically sends a prescription for the new medication to a pharmacyregistered for the patient and provides the patient or the patient'scaregiver with a message indicating that the patient's doctor hasprescribed a new medication for the patient, that the new medication isavailable at the pharmacy registered for the patient, and that use ofthe old medication should be discontinued. In some implementations, thesystem 300 may require the recipient of the alert to provideidentification information (e.g., a user name and a password) thatverifies that the recipient of the alert is the patient's doctor priorto allowing the recipient of the alert to prescribe a new medication forthe patient.

The third alert interface 1230 also includes a change dosage inputcontrol 1232 that allows the recipient of the alert to change a dosageat which the patient is currently taking the medication. In response toreceiving user input selecting the change dosage input control 1232, thesystem 300 displays an interface that allows the recipient of the alertto select a new dosage for the medication. In response to receivinginput selecting the new dosage, the system 300 automatically providesthe patient or the patient's caregiver with a message indicating thatthe patient's doctor has set a new dosage for the medication and thepatient should begin taking the new dosage. The system 300 may beginverifying that the patient is taking the new dosage based on the settingof the new dosage. In some implementations, the system 300 may requirethe recipient of the alert to provide identification information (e.g.,a user name and a password) that verifies that the recipient of thealert is the patient's doctor prior to allowing the recipient of thealert to change the dosage for the patient's medication.

The third alert interface 1230 further includes a view records inputcontrol 1233 that enables a recipient of the alert (e.g., a doctor, acaregiver, etc.) to receive information regarding the records of thepatient. For instance, the recipient of the alert may select the viewrecords input control 1233 and, based on the selection, the system 300retrieves the medical records of the patient from a remote database anddisplays the retrieved medical records to the recipient of the alert.The recipient of the alert reviews the records of the patient and makesa determination of how to handle the alert. In some implementations, thesystem 300 may require the recipient of the alert to provideidentification information (e.g., a user name and a password) thatverifies that the recipient of the alert is authorized to view themedical records of the patient prior to allowing the recipient of thealert to view the medical records.

In addition, the third alert interface 1230 includes a contact patientinterface control 1234 that allows the recipient of the alert to contactthe patient in response to selecting the contact patient interfacecontrol 1234. The contact patient interface control 1234 may initiate atelephone call to the patient, may initiate an email to the patient, mayinitiate an instant messaging session with the patient, or may initiateany other type of communication session with the patient that enablesdiscussion of the situation.

Referring again to FIG. 6, the system 300 performs reporting related toone or more medication events (650). Data (including images) fromsensors, trigger sources, user interface devices, monitoring centers canbe securely stored on the remote servers or immediately forwarded to thepatient, caregivers, or monitoring center. The remote servers,monitoring center, or user interface device can initiate communicationto the patient, caregivers, or other trusted parties. Communication cantake the form of email, text message, automated or human telephone call,push notification, or other user interface mechanism. Communication canbe established based on rules established by the patient, caregivers,monitoring center, or set by default. Rules can be applied to raw orprocessed data and initiate preemptive action (e.g., reminders) or postmedication event action. Processing can also be used to score patientson their compliance level. Scores can be compared to patient historicdata or various population scores.

Information can also be requested by users. For example, a patient canrequest information about a particular medication or medication regimenthrough interaction with a user interface device or access to storedrecords on remote servers (e.g., via a secure website). For example, apatient's user interface device (e.g., mobile device with mobileapplication) could identify a medication (via user selection, imaging,or wireless tag) and provide more information about the medication,medication routine, compliance with and behaviors associated with thatroutine.

Also, information assessed from the analysis of medication reportingdata can be used to remind users to refill medications or to signalthird-parties (e.g., pharmacies, home care agents, caregivers, etc.) ofthe need for refills or to initiate refills. Contextual data can also becombined with other sensed data to make health or wellness assessmentsbased on perceived compliance level and user activity.

FIG. 13 illustrates an example process 1300 for performing reportingrelated to one or more medication events. The operations of the exampleprocess 1300 are described generally as being performed by the system300. The operations of the example process 1300 may be performed by oneof the components of the system 300 (e.g., the image sensing device 110,the gateway 120, the remote monitoring server 130, etc.) or may beperformed by any combination of the components of the system 300. Theoperations of the example process 1300 also may be performed by thesystem 500 or one or more components of the system 500. In someimplementations, operations of the example process 1300 may be performedby one or more processors included in one or more electronic devices.

The system 300 determines a degree of departure by a patient from aschedule of medication events (1310). For instance, the system 300evaluates how much the patient has departed from the schedule ofmedication events. The degree of departure may be determined in terms oftime, amount of medication, and combination of medications taken. Forexample, the system 300 may determine how late the patient is in takingthe medication or how early the patient was in taking the medication anddetermine a degree of departure based on how late the patient is intaking the medication or how early the patient was in taking themedication.

In some implementations, the system 300 may determine a dosage ofmedication taken by the patient and compare the dosage of medicationtaken by the patient with the dosage the patient was supposed to take.In these implementations, the system 300 computes a difference betweenthe dosage taken and the dosage scheduled (e.g., too much or too little)and determines a degree of departure based on the difference between thedosage taken and the dosage scheduled.

In some examples, the system 300 may determine a combination ofmedications taken by the patient and compare the combination ofmedications taken by the patient with the combination of medications thepatient was supposed to take. In these examples, the system 300 computesa difference between the combination of medications taken and thecombination of medications scheduled and determines a degree ofdeparture based on the difference between the combination of medicationstaken and the combination of medications scheduled. The system 300 alsomay evaluate the combination of medications taken against a referencetable of potentially dangerous combinations of medications and determinea degree of departure based on the evaluation.

The system 300 determines past medication consumption history of thepatient (1320). For example, the system 300 monitors, over time, howclosely the patient has followed a schedule of medication events in thepast. In this example, the system 300 determines, based on themonitoring, whether the patient strictly follows the schedule ofmedication events, generally follows the schedule of medication events,or consistently fails to follow the schedule of medication events.

The system 300 determines activity of the patient and/or others (1330).For example, the system 300 monitors activity of the patient and/orothers within the patient's home. In this example, the system 300 maymonitor any of the sensors described throughout this disclosure tomonitor the activity within the patient's home. The system 300 mayconsider any data collected by a monitoring system that monitors thepatient's home with the data considered being any of the sensor data(e.g., contact sensor data, motion sensor data, image sensor data, etc.)described throughout this disclosure.

In addition, the system 300 monitors activity of the patient and/orothers outside of the patient's home. For instance, the system 300 mayreceive reports from a mobile device (e.g., mobile phone) of the patientor the patient's caregiver that indicate a location of the mobile devicedetermined using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. The system300 also may monitor activity of the patient or the patient's caregiveroutside of the patient's home using any other type of tracking devicethat is capable of tracking the location of the patient or the patient'scaregiver outside of the patient's home.

The system 300 handles reporting based on the degree of departure, thepast medication consumption history, and the activity of the patientand/or others (1340). In this regard, the system 300 performs a tieredalerting process that is used to determine a destination of the alert(or type of alert) based on the degree of departure, the past medicationconsumption history, and/or the activity of the patient and/or others.For example, the system 300 may provide in home alerts or remote alertsdepending on the degree of departure, the past medication consumptionhistory, and the activity of the patient and/or others. In this example,the system 300 may first provide an in home alert when the degree ofdeparture is relatively low, the patient frequently misses medicationevents, and activity is detected within the patient's home. If themedication event is not completed within a threshold period of timeafter providing the in home alert, the system 300 may elevate thesituation and provide an alert to a remote caregiver or monitoringstation. When the system 300 determines that the degree of departure isrelatively serious, the patient has strictly complied with the schedulemedication events in the past, and activity is not detected within thepatient's home, the system 300 may forego the in home alert andimmediately provide an alert to a remote caregiver or monitoring stationgiven the circumstances. By tailoring the reporting or alerting responseto a missed medication event, the system 300 provides a flexiblesolution that is consistent with the circumstances of the situationsurrounding the missed medication event.

FIG. 14 illustrates an example data structure 1400 used in providingalerts. The system 300 consults the data structure 1400 in determining adestination of an alert and what type of alert to provide. As shown, thedata structure 1400 includes a first column 1410 for activity within thehome, a second column 1420 for a degree of departure, a third column1430 for past consumption history, and a fourth column 1440 that definesthe type of alert to provide. In using the data structure 1400, thesystem 300 determines whether activity exists in a patient's home,determines a degree of departure of the missed medication event,determines past consumption history for the patient, and compares thedetermined activity in the patient's home, the degree of departure, andthe past consumption history for the patient against the data stored inthe columns 1410, 1420, and 1430. Based on the comparison, the system300 detects a match between the circumstances of the missed medicationevent and the data in the columns 1410, 1420, and 1430 and provides thetype of alert defined in the column 1440 for the matching record.

As shown, the first row in the data structure defines that the system300 provides only an in home alert when the system 300 detects activityin the patient's home, the degree of departure is low, and the patient'spast consumption history is poor. The second row in the data structuredefines that the system 300 immediately provides an alert to a remotecaregiver when the system 300 does not detect activity in the patient'shome, the degree of departure is moderate, and the patient's pastconsumption history is strict. The third row in the data structuredefines that the system 300 immediately provides an alert to emergencyservices, an alert to a remote caregiver, and an in home alert when thesystem 300 detects activity in the patient's home, the degree ofdeparture is potentially lethal, and the patient's past consumptionhistory is average. Because the degree of departure is potentiallylethal (e.g., the patient has taken a potentially lethal combination ofmedication or a potentially lethal dosage of a medication), the system300 immediately provides several alerts.

The data structure 1400 includes three rows for brevity and ease ofexplanation. Actual implementations may include more (perhaps many more)or fewer rows. Any combinations of potential values for the activity ofthe patient and others, the degree of departure, and the patient's pastconsumption history may be used to trigger any types of alerts per thepreferences of the patient, the patient's caregiver, the patient'sfamily, the patient's doctor, or any other person that handlesmedication monitoring for the patient.

The described systems, methods, and techniques may be implemented indigital electronic circuitry, computer hardware, firmware, software, orin combinations of these elements. Apparatus implementing thesetechniques may include appropriate input and output devices, a computerprocessor, and a computer program product tangibly embodied in amachine-readable storage device for execution by a programmableprocessor. A process implementing these techniques may be performed by aprogrammable processor executing a program of instructions to performdesired functions by operating on input data and generating appropriateoutput. The techniques may be implemented in one or more computerprograms that are executable on a programmable system including at leastone programmable processor coupled to receive data and instructionsfrom, and to transmit data and instructions to, a data storage system,at least one input device, and at least one output device. Each computerprogram may be implemented in a high-level procedural or object-orientedprogramming language, or in assembly or machine language if desired andin any case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language.Suitable processors include, by way of example, both general and specialpurpose microprocessors. Generally, a processor will receiveinstructions and data from a read-only memory and/or a random accessmemory. Storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying computer programinstructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory,including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, such asErasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically ErasableProgrammable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM), and flash memory devices;magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks;magneto-optical disks; and Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM). Anyof the foregoing may be supplemented by, or incorporated in,specially-designed ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits).

It will be understood that various modifications may be made. Forexample, other useful implementations could be achieved if steps of thedisclosed techniques were performed in a different order and/or ifcomponents in the disclosed systems were combined in a different mannerand/or replaced or supplemented by other components. Accordingly, otherimplementations are within the scope of the disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: monitoring activity of apatient based on output from at least one sensor of a monitoring systemconfigured to monitor a building in which medication of the patient islocated; accessing a routine of taking medication associated with thepatient; comparing monitored activity of the patient with the routine oftaking medication associated with the patient; accessing informationregarding a schedule by which the medication should be taken by thepatient; determining an expectation that the patient will take themedication at a next appropriate time that complies with the schedulebased on comparison of the monitored activity of the patient with theroutine of taking medication associated with the patient; providing, bya processing device, a reminder to take the medication at the nextappropriate time that complies with the schedule based on determinedexpectation indicating that the patient is expected to miss taking themedication at the next appropriate time that complies with the schedule;and withholding the reminder to take the medication at the nextappropriate time and continuing to monitor the activity of the patientbased on the determined expectation indicating that the patient isexpected to take the medication at the next appropriate time thatcomplies with the schedule.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein comparingthe monitored activity of the patient with the routine of takingmedication associated with the patient comprises: determining pastmedication consumption history related to the patient's taking ofmedication in accordance with the schedule by which the medicationshould be taken by the patient; and comparing the monitored activity ofthe patient with the past medication consumption history and theschedule by which the medication should be taken by the patient.
 3. Themethod of claim 1, wherein monitoring activity of the patient comprises:monitoring a location of a mobile device used by the patient; monitoringoutput of at least one motion sensor of the monitoring system thatmonitors the building in which medication of the patient is located; andmonitoring output of at least one contact sensor of the monitoringsystem that monitors the building in which medication of the patient islocated.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the reminder totake the medication at the next appropriate time that complies with theschedule comprises: providing a reminder to the patient that includesone or more user interface controls that enable the patient to indicatea time by which the patient expects to take the medication; receiving,based on user input provided by the patient using the one or more userinterface controls, an indication of a time by which the patient expectsto take the medication, the time by which the patient expects to takethe medication being after the next appropriate time that complies withthe schedule; determining that the time by which the patient expects totake the medication is within an acceptable range from the nextappropriate time that complies with the schedule; based on thedetermination that the time by which the patient expects to take themedication is within the acceptable range from the next appropriate timethat complies with the schedule, adjusting the schedule based on theindication of the time by which the patient expects to take themedication; and handling verification of consumption of the medicationand alerting related to consumption of the medication based on theadjusted schedule.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:monitoring, over time, activity of the patient during a period of timein which the patient is scheduled to take the medication; determiningpast activity of the patient; analyzing the monitored activity of thepatient during the period of time in which the patient is scheduled totake the medication with respect to the past activity of the patient;determining whether an issue exists related to the patient's taking ofthe medication based on the analysis of the monitored activity of thepatient during the period of time in which the patient is scheduled totake the medication with respect to the past activity of the patient;and providing an alert based on a determination that an issue existsrelated to the patient's taking of the medication.
 6. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising: monitoring, over time, activity of thepatient during a period of time in which the patient is scheduled totake the medication; determining expected activity of the patient duringthe period of time in which the patient is scheduled to take themedication; analyzing the monitored activity of the patient during theperiod of time in which the patient is scheduled to take the medicationwith respect to the expected activity of the patient during the periodof time in which the patient is scheduled to take the medication;determining whether an issue exists related to the patient's taking ofthe medication based on the analysis of the monitored activity of thepatient during the period of time in which the patient is scheduled totake the medication with respect to the expected activity of the patientduring the period of time in which the patient is scheduled to take themedication; and providing an alert based on a determination that anissue exists related to the patient's taking of the medication.
 7. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: monitoring, over time, activityof the patient during a period of time in which the patient is scheduledto take the medication; determining past activity of the patient;determining expected activity of the patient during the period of timein which the patient is scheduled to take the medication; analyzing themonitored activity of the patient during the period of time in which thepatient is scheduled to take the medication with respect to the pastactivity of the patient and the expected activity of the patient duringthe period of time in which the patient is scheduled to take themedication; determining whether an issue exists related to the patient'staking of the medication based on the analysis of the monitored activityof the patient during the period of time in which the patient isscheduled to take the medication with respect to the past activity ofthe patient and the expected activity of the patient during the periodof time in which the patient is scheduled to take the medication; andproviding an alert based on a determination that an issue exists relatedto the patient's taking of the medication.
 8. The method of claim 7:wherein determining whether an issue exists related to the patient'staking of the medication comprises determining whether the analysisindicates that the patient is not taking the medication, determiningwhether the analysis indicates that the medication is not working asexpected, and determining whether the analysis indicates that themedication is causing the patient to suffer one or more side effects;and wherein providing the alert comprises: providing an alert thatindicates that the patient is not taking the medication based on adetermination that the analysis indicates that the patient is not takingthe medication, providing an alert that indicates that the medication isnot working as expected based on a determination that the analysisindicates that the medication is not working as expected, and providingan alert that indicates that the medication is causing the patient tosuffer one or more side effects based on a determination that theanalysis indicates that the medication is causing the patient to sufferone or more side effects.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:monitoring output from at least one sensor configured to sense physicalactivity in a building in which medication of a patient is located;based on the monitoring of output from the at least one sensor,determining to collect additional information regarding the medication,the additional information being different than output from the at leastone sensor; based on determination to collect the additional informationregarding the medication, collecting the additional informationregarding the medication; analyzing the additional information collectedto detect a state of the medication at a time of collecting theadditional information; based on accessed information regarding theschedule, determining an expected state of the medication at the time ofcollecting the additional information that complies with the schedule bywhich the medication should be taken by the patient; comparing detectedstate of the medication with the expected state of the medication thatcomplies with the schedule; based on the comparison revealing that thedetected state of the medication does not match the expected state ofthe medication, determining that the patient has departed from theschedule; and based on the determination that the patient has departedfrom the schedule, handling, by a processing device, departure from theschedule.
 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising determining pastmedication consumption history related to the patient's taking ofmedication in accordance with the schedule by which the medicationshould be taken by the patient, wherein handling the departure from theschedule comprises handling the departure from the schedule based on thepast medication consumption history related to the patient's taking ofmedication in accordance with the schedule.
 11. The method of claim 9,further comprising determining activity of the patient and at least onecaregiver after determining the departure from the schedule, whereinhandling the departure from the schedule comprises handling thedeparture from the schedule based on the activity of the patient and atleast one caregiver after determining the departure from the schedule.12. The method of claim 9, further comprising determining whetheractivity exists within the building in which the medication of thepatient is located after determining the departure from the schedule,wherein handling the departure from the schedule comprises: based on adetermination that activity does not exist within the building in whichthe medication of the patient is located, providing a remote alert to aremote device that is located outside of the building; and based on adetermination that activity exists within the building in which themedication of the patient is located: providing a local alert within thebuilding; monitoring for a confirmation in response to the local alert,the confirmation indicating that the departure from the schedule isbeing handled; based on monitoring for the confirmation, determiningthat the confirmation has not been received within a threshold amount oftime after providing the local alert; and escalating the local alert tothe remote alert to the remote device that is located outside of thebuilding based on the determination that the confirmation has not beenreceived within the threshold amount of time after providing the localalert.
 13. The method of claim 9, further comprising: determining, basedon the comparison of the detected state of the medication with theexpected state of the medication, a degree of the departure from theschedule; determining past medication consumption history related to thepatient's taking of medication in accordance with the schedule by whichthe medication should be taken by the patient; and determining activityof the patient and at least one caregiver after determining thedeparture from the schedule, wherein handling the departure from theschedule comprises handling the departure from the schedule based ondetermined degree of the departure from the schedule, the pastmedication consumption history related to the patient's taking ofmedication in accordance with the schedule, and the activity of thepatient and at least one caregiver after determining the departure fromthe schedule.
 14. The method of claim 9: wherein monitoring output fromat least one sensor configured to sense physical activity in a buildingin which medication of a patient is located comprises monitoring outputof a motion sensor configured to detect motion in a room in which themedication is located; and wherein determining to collect additionalinformation regarding the medication comprises: detecting motion in theroom in which the medication is located based on the output of themotion sensor, and determining to collect additional informationregarding the medication based on the detection of motion in the room inwhich the medication is located.
 15. The method of claim 9, whereinhandling the departure from the schedule comprises: determining, basedon the comparison of the detected state of the medication with theexpected state of the medication, a degree of the departure from theschedule; determining a destination for a message indicating thedeparture from the schedule based on determined degree of departure; andsending the message indicating the departure from the schedule to thedetermined destination.
 16. The method of claim 9: wherein determiningto collect additional information regarding the medication comprisesdetermining to capture one or more images of the medication; whereincollecting the additional information regarding the medication comprisescapturing, with a camera positioned to include the medication within afield of view of the camera, an image of the medication; whereinanalyzing the additional information collected to detect a state of themedication at a time of collecting the additional information comprisesanalyzing the captured image of the medication to detect a state of themedication at a time of capturing the image; and wherein determining anexpected state of the medication at the time of collecting theadditional information that complies with the schedule by which themedication should be taken by the patient comprises determining anexpected state of the medication at the time of capturing the image thatcomplies with the schedule by which the medication should be taken bythe patient.
 17. The method of claim 9: wherein determining to collectadditional information regarding the medication comprises determining torequest the patient to provide additional information regardingconsumption of the medication using a user interface device of thepatient; wherein collecting the additional information regarding themedication comprises requesting the additional information from thepatient and determining the additional information regarding consumptionof the medication based on any response received from the user interfacedevice of the patient; wherein analyzing the additional informationcollected to detect a state of the medication at a time of collectingthe additional information comprises analyzing determined additionalinformation regarding consumption of the medication to detect a state ofthe medication at a time of requesting the additional information fromthe patient; and wherein determining an expected state of the medicationat the time of collecting the additional information that complies withthe schedule by which the medication should be taken by the patientcomprises determining an expected state of the medication at the time ofrequesting the additional information from the patient that complieswith the schedule by which the medication should be taken by thepatient.
 18. A system comprising: at least one processor; and at leastone memory coupled to the at least one processor having stored thereoninstructions which, when executed by the at least one processor, causesthe at least one processor to perform operations comprising: monitoringactivity of a patient based on output from at least one sensor of amonitoring system configured to monitor a building in which medicationof the patient is located; accessing a routine of taking medicationassociated with the patient; comparing monitored activity of the patientwith the routine of taking medication associated with the patient;accessing information regarding a schedule by which the medicationshould be taken by the patient; determining an expectation that thepatient will take the medication at a next appropriate time thatcomplies with the schedule based on comparison of the monitored activityof the patient with the routine of taking medication associated with thepatient; providing a reminder to take the medication at the nextappropriate time that complies with the schedule based on determinedexpectation indicating that the patient is expected to miss taking themedication at the next appropriate time that complies with the schedule;and withholding the reminder to take the medication at the nextappropriate time and continuing to monitor the activity of the patientbased on the determined expectation indicating that the patient isexpected to take the medication at the next appropriate time thatcomplies with the schedule.
 19. At least one non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium encoded with executable instructionsthat, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least oneprocessor to perform operations comprising: monitoring activity of apatient based on output from at least one sensor of a monitoring systemconfigured to monitor a building in which medication of the patient islocated; accessing a routine of taking medication associated with thepatient; comparing monitored activity of the patient with the routine oftaking medication associated with the patient; accessing informationregarding a schedule by which the medication should be taken by thepatient; determining an expectation that the patient will take themedication at a next appropriate time that complies with the schedulebased on comparison of the monitored activity of the patient with theroutine of taking medication associated with the patient; providing areminder to take the medication at the next appropriate time thatcomplies with the schedule based on determined expectation indicatingthat the patient is expected to miss taking the medication at the nextappropriate time that complies with the schedule; and withholding thereminder to take the medication at the next appropriate time andcontinuing to monitor the activity of the patient based on thedetermined expectation indicating that the patient is expected to takethe medication at the next appropriate time that complies with theschedule.